使用 Parallel 提高 Linux 命令行执行效率
你是否有过这种感觉，你的主机运行速度没有预期的那么快？我也曾经有过这种感觉，直到我发现了 GNU Parallel。
GNU Parallel 是一个 shell 工具，可以并行执行任务。它可以解析多种输入，让你可以同时在多份数据上运行脚本或命令。你终于可以使用全部的 CPU 了！
如果你用过 xargs，上手 Parallel 几乎没有难度。如果没有用过，这篇教程会告诉你如何使用，同时给出一些其它的用例。
安装 GNU Parallel
GNU Parallel 很可能没有预装在你的 Linux 或 BSD 主机上，你可以从软件源中安装。以 Fedora 为例：
$ sudo dnf install parallel
对于 NetBSD：
# pkg_add parallel
如果各种方式都不成功，请参考项目主页[1]。
从串行到并行
正如其名称所示，Parallel 的强大之处是以并行方式执行任务；而我们中不少人平时仍然以串行方式运行任务。
当你对多个对象执行某个命令时，你实际上创建了一个任务队列。一部分对象可以被命令处理，剩余的对象需要等待，直到命令处理它们。这种方式是低效的。只要数据够多，总会形成任务队列；但与其只使用一个任务队列，为何不使用多个更小规模的任务队列呢？
假设你有一个图片目录，你希望将目录中的图片从 JEEG 格式转换为 PNG 格式。有多种方法可以完成这个任务。可以手动用 GIMP 打开每个图片，输出成新格式，但这基本是最差的选择，费时费力。
上述方法有一个漂亮且简洁的变种，即基于 shell 的方案：
$ convert 001.jpeg 001.png $ convert 002.jpeg 002.png $ convert 003.jpeg 003.png ... 略 ...
对于初学者而言，这是一个不小的转变，而且看起来是个不小的改进。不再需要图像界面和不断的鼠标点击，但仍然是费力的。
进一步改进：
$ for i in *jpeg; do convert $i $i.png ; done
至少，这一步设置好任务执行，让你节省时间去做更有价值的事情。但问题来了，这仍然是串行操作；一张图片转换完成后，队列中的下一张进行转换，依此类推直到全部完成。
使用 Parallel:
$ find . -name "*jpeg" | parallel -I% --max-args 1 convert % %.png
这是两条命令的组合：find 命令，用于收集需要操作的对象；parallel 命令，用于对象排序并确保每个对象按需处理。
- find . -name “*jpeg” 查找当前目录下以 jpeg 结尾的所有文件。
- parallel 调用 GNU Parallel。
- -I% 创建了一个占位符 %，代表 find 传递给 Parallel 的内容。如果不使用占位符，你需要对 find 命令的每一个结果手动编写一个命令，而这恰恰是你想要避免的。
- –max-args 1 给出 Parallel 从队列获取新对象的速率限制。考虑到 Parallel 运行的命令只需要一个文件输入，这里将速率限制设置为 1。假如你需要执行更复杂的命令，需要两个文件输入（例如 cat 001.txt 002.txt > new.txt），你需要将速率限制设置为 2。
- convert % %.png 是你希望 Parallel 执行的命令。
组合命令的执行效果如下：find 命令收集所有相关的文件信息并传递给 parallel，后者（使用当前参数）启动一个任务，（无需等待任务完成）立即获取参数行中的下一个参数（LCTT 译注：管道输出的每一行对应 parallel 的一个参数，所有参数构成参数行）；只要你的主机没有瘫痪，Parallel 会不断做这样的操作。旧任务完成后，Parallel 会为分配新任务，直到所有数据都处理完成。不使用 Parallel 完成任务大约需要 10 分钟，使用后仅需 3 至 5 分钟。
多个输入
只要你熟悉 find 和 xargs （整体被称为 GNU 查找工具，或 findutils），find 命令是一个完美的 Parallel 数据提供者。它提供了灵活的接口，大多数 Linux 用户已经很习惯使用，即使对于初学者也很容易学习。
find 命令十分直截了当：你向 find 提供搜索路径和待查找文件的一部分信息。可以使用通配符完成模糊搜索；在下面的例子中，星号匹配任何字符，故 find 定位（文件名）以字符 searchterm 结尾的全部文件：
$ find /path/to/directory -name "*searchterm"
默认情况下，find 逐行返回搜索结果，每个结果对应 1 行：
$ find ~/graphics -name "*jpg" /home/seth/graphics/001.jpg /home/seth/graphics/cat.jpg /home/seth/graphics/penguin.jpg /home/seth/graphics/IMG_0135.jpg
当使用管道将 find 的结果传递给 parallel 时，每一行中的文件路径被视为 parallel 命令的一个参数。另一方面，如果你需要使用命令处理多个参数，你可以改变队列数据传递给 parallel 的方式。
下面先给出一个不那么实际的例子，后续会做一些修改使其更加有意义。如果你安装了 GNU Parallel，你可以跟着这个例子操作。
假设你有 4 个文件，按照每行一个文件的方式列出，具体如下：
$ echo ada > ada ; echo lovelace > lovelace $ echo richard > richard ; echo stallman > stallman $ ls -1 ada lovelace richard stallman
你需要将两个文件合并成第三个文件，后者同时包含前两个文件的内容。这种情况下，Parallel 需要访问两个文件，使用 -I% 变量的方式不符合本例的预期。
Parallel 默认情况下读取 1 个队列对象：
$ ls -1 | parallel echo ada lovelace richard stallman
现在让 Parallel 每个任务使用 2 个队列对象：
$ ls -1 | parallel --max-args=2 echo ada lovelace richard stallman
现在，我们看到行已经并合并；具体而言，ls -1 的两个查询结果会被同时传送给 Parallel。传送给 Parallel 的参数涉及了任务所需的 2 个文件，但目前还只是 1 个有效参数：（对于两个任务分别为）“ada lovelace” 和 “richard stallman”。你真正需要的是每个任务对应 2 个独立的参数。
值得庆幸的是，Parallel 本身提供了上述所需的解析功能。如果你将 –max-args 设置为 2，那么 {1}和 {2} 这两个变量分别代表传入参数的第一和第二部分：
$ ls -1 | parallel --max-args=2 cat {1} {2} ">" {1}_{2}.person
在上面的命令中，变量 {1} 值为 ada 或 richard （取决于你选取的任务），变量 {2} 值为 lovelace 或 stallman。通过使用重定向符号（放到引号中，防止被 Bash 识别，以便 Parallel 使用），（两个）文件的内容被分别重定向至新文件 ada_lovelace.person 和 richard_stallman.person。
$ ls -1 ada ada_lovelace.person lovelace richard richard_stallman.person stallman $ cat ada_*person ada lovelace $ cat ri*person richard stallman
如果你整天处理大量几百 MB 大小的日志文件，那么（上述）并行处理文本的方法对你帮忙很大；否则，上述例子只是个用于上手的示例。
然而，这种处理方法对于很多文本处理之外的操作也有很大帮助。下面是来自电影产业的真实案例，其中需要将一个目录中的视频文件和（对应的）音频文件进行合并。
$ ls -1 12_LS_establishing-manor.avi 12_wildsound.flac 14_butler-dialogue-mixed.flac 14_MS_butler.avi ...略...
使用同样的方法，使用下面这个简单命令即可并行地合并文件：
$ ls -1 | parallel --max-args=2 ffmpeg -i {1} -i {2} -vcodec copy -acodec copy {1}.mkv
简单粗暴的方式
上述花哨的输入输出处理不一定对所有人的口味。如果你希望更直接一些，可以将一堆命令甩给 Parallel，然后去干些其它事情。
首先，需要创建一个文本文件，每行包含一个命令：
$ cat jobs2run bzip2 oldstuff.tar oggenc music.flac opusenc ambiance.wav convert bigfile.tiff small.jpeg ffmepg -i foo.avi -v:b 12000k foo.mp4 xsltproc --output build/tmp.fo style/dm.xsl src/tmp.xml bzip2 archive.tar
接着，将文件传递给 Parallel：
$ parallel --jobs 6 < jobs2run
现在文件中对应的全部任务都在被 Parallel 执行。如果任务数量超过允许的数目（LCTT 译注：应该是 –jobs 指定的数目或默认值），Parallel 会创建并维护一个队列，直到任务全部完成。
更多内容
GNU Parallel 是个强大而灵活的工具，还有很多很多用例无法在本文中讲述。工具的 man 页面提供很多非常酷的例子可供你参考，包括通过 SSH 远程执行和在 Parallel 命令中使用 Bash 函数等。YouTube[2] 上甚至有一个系列，包含大量操作演示，让你可以直接从 GNU Parallel 团队学习。GNU Paralle 的主要维护者还发布了官方使用指导手册，可以从 Lulu.com[3] 获取。
GNU Parallel 有可能改变你完成计算的方式；即使没有，也会至少改变你主机花在计算上的时间。马上上手试试吧！
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