时间序列分析的Python库和适用场景

时间序列分析在各个领域都有广泛应用,从金融预测到环境监测,再到工业过程控制。Python作为一门强大的数据科学语言,提供了丰富的库来支持时间序列分析。将通过一张图和简单的说明,帮助大家快速了解这些库的主要功能和适用场景。

1. 预测

搜索一个函数,该函数预测预测时间线的值接近那些时刻的实际系列值。

  • Prophet: Facebook开源的库,擅长处理具有强季节性和趋势的时间序列数据。
  • statsmodels: 提供了经典的时间序列模型,如ARIMA、SARIMA等。
  • SKTIME: 一个相对较新的库,提供了全面的时间序列建模和预测功能。
  • Darts, Kats, MERLION: 这几个库提供了更多样化的模型和算法,可以满足不同的预测需求。

2. 分类

根据时间序列的特点,将时间序列分配给预定义的类别或类之一。

  • SKTIME, tslearn, Deep Learning for Time Series Classification: 这几个库专注于将时间序列数据分类,用于识别不同类型的事件或模式。
  • pyts, ETNA: 提供了更灵活的时间序列分类方法。

3. 聚类

将不同时间序列的原始集合分为组,以便组内时间序列特征之间的差异最小,组之间的差异最大。与分类不同,没有预定义的类。

  • SKTIME, tslearn: 这两个库提供了时间序列聚类算法,用于将相似的时间序列分组。

4. 模式检测

在更长的时间序列中搜索特定模式(特定序列)。这项任务与聚类和分类非常相似。

  • stumpy: 可以帮助你检测时间序列中的突变点、季节性模式等。

5. 聚合与特征提取

从时间序列中提取各种统计特征和参数。当我们需要将时间序列转换为经典的表格数据格式时,会进行汇总,其中每行代表一个独立的数据点。

  • tsfresh, tsfel等: 这些库可以从原始时间序列中提取出有意义的特征,为后续的建模提供支持。

6. 切点检测

检测过程变化的特定点(变化点),例如,集体异常开始(或结束)的地方

7. 异常检测

找到与一般分布不对应的单个点(异常值),或将每个点分配给正常或异常类。可以表述为分类或聚类问题。

  • PyOD, TODS, ETNA, Luminiare: 这些库可以帮助你识别时间序列中的异常值。

8. 增强和数据生成

增强涉及通过人为创建或合成新数据来扩展数据集,以覆盖未探索的输入空间。

  • tsai, RGAN, tsaug, TimeSynth: 这些库可以生成新的时间序列数据,用于扩充数据集或进行模型训练。

如何选择合适的库?

选择合适的库取决于具体需求:

  • 数据特点: 数据是否具有季节性、趋势性?是否有异常值?
  • 预测目标: 是想进行点预测还是区间预测?
  • 模型复杂度: 希望使用简单的模型还是复杂的深度学习模型?
  • 可解释性: 是否需要对模型的预测结果进行解释?

实战示例

假设有一组股票价格数据,想要预测未来的价格走势。可以按照以下步骤进行:

  1. 数据预处理: 使用Pandas读取数据,并进行清洗和转换。
  2. 特征工程: 使用tsfresh等库提取特征。
  3. 模型选择: 根据数据特点选择合适的模型,比如Prophet或LSTM。
  4. 模型训练: 使用训练数据训练模型。
  5. 模型评估: 使用测试数据评估模型的性能。
  6. 模型预测: 使用训练好的模型进行预测。

总结

Python提供了丰富的库来支持时间序列分析,选择合适的库可以大大提高工作效率。在实际应用中,可以结合多个库来构建更复杂的模型。

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    References:

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    do away with the excess fats. When it involves dosages, men typically take mg of Anavar per day,
    while girls ought to start with a lower dose of 20-50mg per day
    and progressively enhance it. Anavar is understood for its low risk of feminizing unwanted aspect effects in males, which makes it a safer choice for novices and intermediates throughout slicing phases.
    A protected cycle size for Anavar varies depending on particular person elements and the user’s objectives.

    We additionally see trenbolone acetate clear out of the body faster than enanthate
    as a result of its shorter half-life. Nevertheless, these adverse
    results are virtually sure when cycling Anadrol or Dianabol, for example.
    The best method, however, is to go for natural options corresponding to ACut from Brutal
    Pressure that mimics Anavar with none of its adverse or antagonistic unwanted aspect effects.

    As a end result, the physique temperature rises and your physique gets right into a state of thermogenesis thereby leading to quicker fat-burning.
    Clenbuterol just isn’t a steroid however a beta2-antagonist, which is
    usually used to deal with asthma. The flip side, nevertheless, is that oral Testosterone is
    way more costly than injectable Testosterone.
    Not simply this, including the price of Anavar to
    this, can make this a very expensive cycle.
    It’s not unusual for females to need to use HGH purely for aesthetic causes due to the anti-aging properties of HGH.
    Fat loss can be extra simply achievable at this dose, with well-controlled unwanted
    side effects for most ladies. Low doses of HGH could be very efficient for the new person or
    those simply wanting to experience some benefits
    (like higher pores and skin, hair, recovery, and sleep) without going overboard.

    References:

    freezma steroids

  5. We have discovered the chance of gynecomastia to be high
    with this stack, with estrogen ranges growing within the presence of Anadrol and testosterone.

    We have seen this cycle add massive quantities of
    size and energy in intermediate steroid customers.

    In the first two weeks of the above cycle, we halved the Anadrol dose
    to supply slightly extra safety for the liver (as this may be a lengthy cycle).
    Whenever working Anadrol cycles, it’s important to maintain the duration as brief as possible.
    In the above cycle (which is a very heavy one), Anadrol is taken for eight weeks.
    Like trenbolone acetate, Anadrol is fast-acting, so positive aspects may be observed
    in only a few days following the first dose.
    The reason for this is that testosterone is a less toxic anabolic,
    so it can be stacked to reinforce gains without making trenbolone’s side effects dramatically worse.
    Winstrol is usually used by ladies looking to improve
    muscle mass, fat burning and endurance. Anavar will dramatically spike testosterone levels, while rising protein synthesis and nitrogen retention.
    Combining Testosterone and AnavarCombining Testosterone with Anavar during a cycle
    can result in synergistic results, maximizing muscle features and
    energy. Testosterone serves as the first compound, providing the mandatory androgenic base,
    while Anavar contributes to enhanced muscle definition and fat loss.
    Common unwanted side effects could embody suppression of pure testosterone
    manufacturing, liver strain, and cholesterol imbalances.

    Since this substance can affect the natural manufacturing of hormones—much like other performance enhancers—following a good PCT can help your physique regain its equilibrium swiftly and safely.

    Anavar is understood for its capability to extend power, while testosterone is thought for its capacity to increase muscle mass.

    Likewise, testosterone levels have to be rigorously
    monitored when utilizing this steroid, as it can have unfavorable results on ldl cholesterol
    and blood strain levels. Customers can experience notable fat loss in a single cycle
    of clenbuterol, which typically lasts from 2 to four weeks.
    Also, we’ve discovered Anavar’s unwanted effects to be less poisonous than those of different steroids, with females commonly reporting no main unwanted side effects in therapeutic doses.
    Our feminine patients commonly favor Anavar’s oral nature somewhat than having to inject.

    For example, if you’re trying to add muscle mass,
    you’ll be able to stack CrazyBulk’s bulking dietary supplements, corresponding to D-Bal,
    Testo-Max, and Trenorol. Anavar is a well-liked choice for lots of bodybuilders as a result of it’s an effective approach to construct
    muscle and cut fat. If you’re a bodybuilder, the beneficial dosage of Anavar is 25-50mg per day.

    CrazyBulk can also be providing a buy-two-get-one-free deal on all of its merchandise in the meanwhile, so it’s a
    good time to begin out your bulking or chopping cycle.
    Nicely, you can buy an Anavar substitute known as Anvarol
    – here at CrazyBulk. From my research,
    they provide a range of protected, legal, and efficient steroids and bodybuilding supplements.
    Plus, they’ve a group of experts available to answer any
    questions you could have.
    A heart-healthy diet, regular cardiovascular exercise, and consistent monitoring may help mitigate these results (Glazer, Medical Science in Sports Activities and
    Exercise). Supports pure testosterone production, balances adrenal output, and helps reestablish hormonal rhythm.

    Proper PCT after Anavar ensures that you preserve your hard-earned
    positive aspects, normalize hormone levels, and shield long-term health.

    Food Regimen was tremendous clear during this time
    and just did about 2,300-2,500 energy a day with 2
    grams of protein per body weight.
    In our experience, ladies often construct 7–10 lbs
    of muscle on Anavar whereas notably reducing visceral and subcutaneous
    fat shops. Below is a sample cycle generally used by weightlifters
    to attain an analogous before and after transformation because the one above.
    The leads to the above earlier than and after transformation are typical of a primary steroid cycle utilizing testosterone.
    Get impressed by a abstract of outstanding Anavar
    before and after transformations. This desk showcases the spectacular outcomes achieved by girls who integrated
    the steroid into their fitness journey. Discover a comprehensive sample meal plan designed to
    optimize your Anavar cycle. This table provides steering
    on the best diet to support your health objectives
    and maximize your outcomes.
    This subreddit is for questions and discussion associated to testosterone alternative therapy and
    testosterone. It additionally focuses on life-style activities like exercise and vitamin for raising testosterone levels naturally or the rest associated to testosterone the substance.
    The dangerous psychological effects of taking supraphysiological doses
    of Sustanon 250 should not be overlooked. Using it in excess can harm the HPTA,
    resulting in decrease neurotransmitter levels after stopping the drug, which may trigger a dependency on the steroid.
    Therefore, illicit use of this steroid may cause troublesome and probably deadly side effects.

    When individuals typically consider steroids, they think of them in a adverse mild,
    as they have a status for being harmful. If you’re considering of using Primobolan,
    here’s precisely what you can expect to occur (in regards to its benefits).

    This is as a end result of it doesn’t aromatize, that means it prevents estrogen ranges from rising.

    In this text, we’ll reveal everything you want to learn about Primobolan so as
    to resolve whether or not you need to contemplate its use for crushing your physique goals.
    Though lots of theoretical data is on the market about Anavar and Winstrol, there’s nothing fairly as convincing as exploring real-world users’ experiences.

    By adhering to a balanced food regimen, specializing in protein, and managing
    your caloric consumption properly, you’ll find a way to improve
    the results of Anavar in your body composition. For tailor-made recommendation and assist throughout
    your journey, don’t hesitate to succeed in out to a healthcare
    professional or registered dietitian. Many ladies begin an eight-week Anavar cycle with a gradual two-step dosage method.

    Usually, it’s taken in divided doses — half with
    breakfast and half with dinner, as it’s best absorbed
    with meals. Anavar is favored as a end result of
    it carries a lower danger of virilization when used at reasonable doses.
    Nevertheless, it’s important to note that
    even with this decrease danger, the potential for side effects still exists.

    References:

    types Of Steriods

  6. cloveebiz.Com.ng说道:

    Before taking Anavar do your research, look online, not
    simply at articles however at published online medical journals.
    Have a glance on boards, see what individuals think, what
    results did they achieve? Look on the constructive stories but look at the unfavorable stories too, and decide primarily based on what
    you feel comfortable with. Figuring out why you want to take
    Anavar should be one of the first steps you take.
    If you’ve never lifted a weight in your life earlier than then is there any need?

    Anavar itself is derived from DHT (dihydrotestosterone), with some slight alterations to the construction of the hormone.
    As A Outcome Of it is a DHT steroid, it can bring about head hair loss in male customers who’re already genetically predisposed to male pattern baldness.
    It’s strongly beneficial that Anavar not be used for longer than eight weeks
    due to its potential to trigger stress to the liver as an oral steroid.

    The follow-up cycle to this generally begins with a dose of 20 mg as an alternative of 15 mg and is extended up
    to 8 weeks. Anavar usage has been shown to reduce intercourse hormone binding globulin (SHBG).
    Reduction in SHBG discount increases the quantity of free testosterone (active) in the physique.
    Anavar is a modified spinoff of DHT (Dihydroteststerone), and
    possesses a number of modifications that alter its
    activity in different ways. It is C-17 alpha alkylated in order to allow for oral administration,
    and a substitution of its second carbon atom with an oxygen atom, granting
    it stronger anabolic capabilities.
    This is as a result of anabolic steroids additionally have an effect on a woman’s hormones, with their endogenous testosterone ranges declining.
    Consequently, a decreased dosage of anabolic steroids effectively replicates the same diploma of results
    in ladies as in males. In contrast to anabolic steroids, a woman’s dose of clenbuterol is usually just
    like a man’s. Advanced customers tend to enterprise between 50 – 80mg per day, and there is usually no need to
    exceed this range as a end result of dramatic results that such an Anavar dosage can provide.
    Very not often, nonetheless, experienced superior Anavar dosages enterprise within the
    eighty – 100mg per day range. Though Anavar is comparably much
    less androgenic than Testosterone by an excellent deal, unwanted
    aspect effects right here can still floor especially in these individuals who may be
    sensitive to androgenic unwanted aspect effects.

    In reality, with accountable use, many will
    find they experience no negative effects in any respect.
    In order to grasp the side effects of Anavar, we have damaged
    them down into their separate classes with
    all the related data you’ll need. Anavar is significantly appreciated by many athletes
    for a couple of particular causes. This steroid will improve power; the total
    enhance won’t be as important as steroids like Dianabol and nowhere close
    to the extent of Halotestin, but it will be notable.
    Energy is certainly one of the major components of
    successful athleticism because it interprets into pace and
    energy.
    When it involves using Anavar to enhance athletic performance, powerlifting, or endurance,
    it’s necessary to know the appropriate dosage in your specific wants and goals.
    Whereas Anavar is mostly considered a secure and efficient steroid, it can nonetheless pose risks if not used responsibly.
    When mixed with Anavar, it could assist enhance metabolism and speed up fat loss.
    Nevertheless, both substances could be onerous on the liver,
    so caution and cautious monitoring are beneficial. Overall, Anavar dosage for athletes must be rigorously considered and monitored to attain optimal results whereas minimizing the danger
    of potential unwanted effects. Seeking skilled steerage and
    utilizing Anavar responsibly may help athletes improve their efficiency and achieve their goals.
    Female novices, on the opposite hand, are advised to start with a decrease
    dosage of roughly 5-10mg per day.
    When taking Anavar it’s essential to take the right measures and cycle on and
    off accurately to avoid burn out and long run injury to you well being.
    It’s therefore not suggest if gaining mass, measurement and strength is the
    number one priority. Anavar is particularly in style in bodybuilding,
    with it regarded as the hottest steroid on the market right now.
    Var’s in excessive demand because girls take it in addition to men (which
    can’t be mentioned about other steroids).
    One of its authentic medical uses was to extend muscle power in sufferers with muscular wasting situations,
    so greater bodybuilding doses will doubtless give you a reasonably significant strength improvement.
    It is possible to lose 5% of physique fats when doing
    a easy Anavar and testosterone cycle. If you’re already at 10% physique fat or much
    less, 5% can be a very excessive result.
    However, as a end result of presence of trenbolone, we consider this to be a harsh cycle and never suitable for novices.
    High doses of Anavar may trigger some flushing to the face or physique, inflicting users’ pores and skin to seem purple.
    This is an indication of elevated physique temperature and potentially elevated blood strain.
    However, there are a few locations the place one can discover Anavar for sale for personal use corresponding to Mexico
    and Turkey. However for essentially the most half, bodybuilders look to buy Anavar online from underground labs that sell this drug.
    Excessive blood stress is one of the most common medical situations in the world, and
    it could possibly result in quite so much of severe health
    issues. This is as a result of the drug is metabolized
    by the liver, and over time, this can lead to damage to liver cells.

    It is worth noting that Anavar usage can lead to unwanted side
    effects such as liver harm, hair loss, pimples, and modifications in mood and conduct.
    Powerlifters should monitor their well being closely and seek medical attention if any opposed results come up.
    When utilizing Anavar for athletic purposes, it is necessary to consider the precise requirements
    of the sport. For instance, powerlifters could require the
    next Anavar dosage than endurance athletes to promote strength
    positive aspects and improve efficiency.
    As with any other medicine, it’s a good suggestion for you to speak to your
    doctor earlier than taking any new drugs. If
    you’re struggling with gaining the weight you have to be wholesome,
    you might wish to take a medication like oxandrolone.
    This has been confirmed to be very efficient in serving to individuals
    meet their weight objectives and providing all kinds of other advantages to the one that is taking this product.
    It Is extremely really helpful that male bodybuilders
    run ancillaries during an Anavar cycle to prevent/minimize unwanted side effects.

    References:

    Over the counter steroid – cloveebiz.Com.ng,

  7. We find that when bodybuilders administer Anavar, they typically expertise an increase in well-being,
    confidence, motivation, and aggression. This is due to exogenous testosterone supplementation; nonetheless,
    as soon as a cycle finishes, customers typically expertise fatigue and decreased libido.

    Research has shown anabolic steroids enhance sprint speed in rats by up
    to 29% (14). Due to Anavar’s mild androgenic score,
    it does not sometimes produce virilization side effects in ladies when taken in low to average
    doses. This is a singular impact in comparison with different anabolic steroids,
    which generally lower subcutaneous fats whereas increasing visceral fat (5).
    Fats loss is critical on Anavar, with analysis showing a reasonable
    dose of 20 mg per day resulting in four pounds of fats loss over
    the course of 12 weeks (4).
    A standard PCT cycle will usually not restore testosterone ranges following Trenbolone use, and longer-term TRT may
    be required. I advocate testosterone cruising for 4 months following this cycle, keeping in thoughts there’s
    no guarantee of T levels returning entirely again to normal after utilizing Tren. Masteron is right for running for a complete cycle, whereas Anavar is best used as a finishing steroid within the final weeks.
    Simply as with Winstrol, Masteron typically leads to the next degree of vascularity and a grainer appearance than Anavar
    does.
    Anvarol is not going to replicate the same level of anabolism
    or fats burning as Anavar; however, it is preferred by
    some bodybuilders as a outcome of an absence of side effects
    and its FDA-approved nature. Anavar will raise LDL cholesterol reasonably,
    rising the danger of hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction in vulnerable individuals.

    To scale back this threat, users could reduce saturated fat and salt consumption. Furthermore,
    we’ve discovered regular cardiovascular training to
    have a notable reductive effect on blood strain in our patients.
    Anvarol is best suited for males or ladies who want to cut back their body fats proportion,
    whilst simultaneously rising muscle tone and constructing
    lean muscle. Nevertheless, such stacking will increase the
    danger of masculinization whereas exacerbating cholesterol and endogenous testosterone
    levels. Girls taking more than 10 mg/day or cycling Anavar past 6 weeks dramatically improve the chance of virilization, in our experience.

    The safest for the center must be Primobolan, Masteron, and (not a Steroid) but the
    one I would use is Growth Hormone. Following other ideas and best practices also can put
    you in the most effective position while on the cycle.
    Steroids include risks, and as an adult, you need to concentrate
    on that. There are several coaches online who have had years of
    experience in the field and they’ve made mistakes you don’t have to!

    While it might be efficient in rising muscle mass, it might possibly additionally trigger a decrease in libido.

    The best way to use L-arginine to extend nitric oxide
    manufacturing is to focus on inhibiting the Arginase enzyme,
    which breaks down arginine, thus stopping nitric
    oxide manufacturing. Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals in Anavat used ABH and BEC-arginine inhibitors, which support a high L-arginine dose in the described product.

    In quick, Anavar will give you more energy to perform a sequence of reps at the gym.
    One of the newest and hottest categories of sports supplementation is N.O.
    Nevertheless, regardless of the big selection of pumping products, conventional merchandise with nitrous oxide still have
    to be more practical. It perfectly combines superior nutraceuticals and the
    most effective anabolic compounds!
    Anavar and its uses, popularly known as Oxandrolone have many valid medical uses and are extensively used for efficiency purposes.

    It doesn’t include any of the nasty side effects as a end result of it’s produced from
    pure elements. If you experience any of these side effects, it is necessary
    to stop taking Anavar immediately and seek medical attention. You can also stack Anavar with steroids like Winstrol, Clen, and Trenbolone for chopping purposes.
    In this case, you would begin with a lower dosage of Anavar and increase it over time.

    Anavar is not the most suppressive steroid, however your pure testosterone production is likely to have
    taken a hit. This may cause signs of low testosterone when your cycle ends, including
    loss of muscle and fats gain. Some users can experience hair loss from a steroid cycle, then once the cycle has finished the hair comes back thicker and fuller.

    The Oxandrolone hormone is well-known for suppressing HDL cholesterol, as
    nicely as growing LDL ldl cholesterol. Commonplace male therapeutic doses can suppress
    HDL cholesterol by as much as 30% with performance doses suppressing
    HDL by as a lot as 50%. Efficiency doses may increase LDL cholesterol
    by as a lot as 30%.
    Anavar can be stacked with other steroids throughout a complicated cycle, similar to Primobolan or SARMS.
    It is necessary to note that Anavar isn’t a really sturdy
    steroid, so it is probably not the greatest choice for superior users who wish to bulk up.
    This steroid could cause an increase in oil production, which
    might result in clogged pores and breakouts. To help stop acne,
    it’s necessary to keep your pores and skin clear and keep away from touching your face.

    The bottle ought to be hermetic and waterproof to keep the product
    safe from moisture. Finally, it could be very important note that the TSA does
    not regulate the legality of medications. When traveling internationally, research the drug laws
    of your vacation spot. The TSA could confiscate the drug if there
    are any discrepancies within the treatment or documentation. Anavar, also called oxandrolone, is
    a synthetic steroid that has been linked to liver damage.

    References:

    long Term steroid side effects; hshelpinghand.com,

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